
We constantly face stimuli that fight for our attention. Recognizing how our biases shape how we interpret reality is an essential task in self-understanding. My blogs are about self-discovery, exploring who we are and how we interact with the world.
This month’s essay focuses on biases that can distort the truth. Today, we look at the focusing illusion (attention makes things feel important) and the illusory truth effect (repetition makes things feel true). One distorts significance, and the other distorts our beliefs.
The focusing illusion is a bias that what we pay attention to becomes disproportionately important in our minds. Things that are bright, emotional, or constantly visible tend to appear more significant than they really are. We confuse what is top of mind with what is most important. We have a tendency to overestimate the importance of what’s right in front of us.
At the core of this idea, as individuals, we focus on specific elements, possibly wealth, happiness, or our career success. It then tends to become a dominant factor in our overall satisfaction. It can lead us to overestimate the importance of a focal point while underestimating the importance of other factors.
The illusory truth effect is one of the most powerful and underestimated cognitive biases. It describes a simple truth. The more often we hear something, the more likely we are to believe it, even if we know it is false. Repeating messages that fit our beliefs feel real. This is because repetition makes information feel fluent and like the truth. Repeated statements are easier for our brains to digest, and this ease gets misinterpreted as accuracy.
The news and social media use this bias by amplifying emotionally charged versions, creating a sense of consensus, and eroding skepticism.
By focusing on the wrong things, one thing becomes so big that it takes up all the room. For example, the kidnapping of a high-profile celebrity’s mother is in the news daily. It is on all stations and news outlets. Repetition makes this single event feel like a national crisis. However, it is statistically rare. For example, roughly 100 per year in the US, much more in some other countries.
These biases reinforce each other: repetition makes a claim feel true, and attention makes it feel important. Together, these biases create a feedback loop. The news story is important, but in your life, is it important?
Be Careful What You Focus On, by Amie M. Gordon, Ph.D. (Psychology Today)
The Focusing Illusion: How it Distorts Your Daily Life, by Patrick McDaniel
Repeated exposure to false information can affect our judgment. A typical example is the salary delusion and the money it entails. Many believe a 20% raise will change their level of happiness. In reality, the focusing illusion causes them to ignore the “hidden costs” that often accompany higher pay, such as longer commutes, increased stress, or less time for family and social activities.

Our emotions filter our attention. Sadness, fear, and anxiety affect our scanning for consistent cues, creating a self-reinforcing reality. Leading us to emotional reasoning, selectivity, and distorted memory.
Our online algorithms show us only the side that confirms our beliefs. Computers have read your likes and comments and are filtering the news in line with your views. We never see the whole truth online.
We are flooded with repeated instances of false information; the more we encounter it, the more we start to believe it is true. Sadly, our preexisting knowledge does little to prevent this. It becomes easier when the information feels true, especially when it is emotionally charged; another example is our current US political divide.

Political polarization: How narrow focus amplifies anxiety
The illusory truth effect appears in the news and on social media. Headlines repeated across multiple posts feel “confirmed.” Repetition creates a sense of consensus; everyone is saying the same thing. Unlike focusing too narrowly, it is about mistaking familiarity for truth. Algorithms amplify what engages, which means you see the same narratives again and again.
Americans overestimate how divided they are. Media amplifies conflict, creating a shared illusion of chaos. Not intentionally, by as a byproduct of attention-driven systems. Pew Research shows most Americans describe politics as “divisive,” “corrupt,” and “broken, “not because of reality, but because of what they’re shown most often. Perception often diverges from reality. Multiple studies demonstrate that Americans tend to overestimate the extremity of each other’s political beliefs. This rampant misperception fuels the illusion of an intensely divided nation.
Research shows Americans dramatically misjudge what others value, assuming far more division than actually exists. A TIME report notes that Americans “are lousy at figuring out what the group thinks,” and that the belief in extreme division is a “shared illusion.” TIME
Our brain prioritizes immediate, proximate, and urgent information primarily through evolutionary survival mechanisms driven by dopamine reward systems. Our emotional brain overrides our rational brain; sensory-intense stimuli feel more important than abstract ones. This magnification ensures survival but can distort judgment.
Media Amplification Intensifies the Illusion
The US media often concentrates attention on political conflict, extreme voices, and scandals. This emotional climate is not simply a reflection of political reality; it’s a reflection of what people are most often shown.
What you need to assess is whether what you believe to be true is really accurate. Or are you influenced by the news and social media, which only give us information that confirms our beliefs? Do we have the whole story, or are we being swayed by focusing too narrowly, or by repeated messages?
By focusing only on the potential threat, the brain misses surrounding, harmless, or positive information that could disprove the danger. A narrow focus traps the mind in a “tight” or “constricted” state. A narrow focus can cause the mind to obsessively replay perceived mistakes or negative scenarios, which intensify emotional distress.
How it shapes your self-story

The focusing illusion is a powerful example of how attention shapes belief, belief shapes perception, and perception shapes reality.
When we don’t examine why something feels important, we confuse influence with significance. We mistake what is loud for what is true. We assume others see the world through the same distorted lens.
Why do we believe misinformation more easily when it’s repeated many times? by the Decision Lab
Breaking the cycle (broadening focus)
To combat this, you need to develop strategies to broaden your focus. One technique we can use is shifting our focus from a specific thought to a broader awareness of our surroundings, or from a zoomed-in view to a panoramic one. So, stop, pause, think. It always comes back to your awareness: whether you are aware of what you’re doing and what you’re thinking.
Some grounding techniques to widen perspective
- Name the thing consuming your attention.
- Ask, “What else is true right now?”
- Zoom out to the broader timeline. Looking at the forest instead of one tree.
- Rebalance the emotional weight. This means consciously adjusting how much mental and emotional energy you invest in specific thoughts, situations, or people to regain inner peace.
Mindfulness can expand your awareness to include sensations, sounds, and the broader environment, reducing the grip of narrow, anxious thoughts.
Distraction: The 3-3-3 Rule is a grounding technique that requires one to identify 3 objects, 3 sounds, and move 3 body parts to interrupt a narrow focus on a specific topic.
Recognize the signs of bias. The issue feels huge, but you can’t explain why. You’re thinking about it a lot, and you assume others are too. But can you identify what mattered so much last week? You might even feel that this one issue changes everything.
Some additional steps you can take include verifying information by actively challenging the accuracy of frequently repeated claims. Reduce your exposure to emotionally charged, repetitive content. Seek contradictory evidence. Based on my experience, Facebook repeats ideas and distorts facts, sometimes posting what are simply lies.
Conclusion: Become the author of your story
“Attention is a moral act – it creates, brings aspects of things into being, but in doing so makes others recede. What a thing is depends on who is attending to it, and in what way.”
– Iain McGilchrist
The focusing illusion and the illusory truth effect distort our perception of reality. These illusions shape our beliefs, emotions, and decisions. But by practicing epistemic hygiene, questioning what feels important, broadening our focus, and grounding ourselves, we can rewrite our stories with clarity and compassion.
Summary of the cycle: anxiety causes a narrow focus, filters information, enhances negative thought patterns, and negative patterns increase anxiety.
Online spaces isolate individuals and amplify the spread of false messages. Memories are not fixed, allowing current emotions and beliefs to alter past events. False information is deliberately repeated to shape public opinion and create distrust in experts. Repeated exposure to skewed narratives can diminish ethical responses to information. Collective memory is often distorted to make clear or heroic narratives that mask complex realities.
We must remember that loud does not mean true, and familiar does not mean accurate. By zooming out, we recover perspective. By challenging repetition, we restore truth. And by widening our lens, we reinforce peace.
Recommended reading
Rapt: Attention and the Focused Life by Winifred Gallagher
Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman
Stolen Focus: Why You Can’t Pay Attention–and How to Think Deeply Again, by Johann Hari
The Chaos Machine: The Inside Story of How Social Media Rewired Our Minds and Our World, by Max Fisher
Irresistible: The Rise of Addictive Technology and the Business of Keeping Us Hooked, by Adam Alter
Focusing Illusions, by FS Blog
What if? We Leap Beyond our Perceived Limits with a Positive Mental Attitude, by Linda L. Pilcher
Citations
Photo by David Ramos on Unsplash
Repetition – Message – Belief created by Copilot based on my prompts
Photo by Angela Bailey on Unsplash
Photo by Juan Ordonez on Unsplash





































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































