
What is the Tocqueville Paradox?
This paradox states that the more we improve, the more we expect. So, why would this be a problem? This is like progress, in a way. In other words, we realize the floor hasn’t changed at all; all that is shifting is the sky.
The Tocqueville Paradox is the psychological and social condition in which people feel unhappy despite society becoming happier; they feel no sense of progress. Instead, it highlights how social and economic progress heightens dissatisfaction, making people feel even less comfortable with any remaining imperfections and inequalities.
To make sense of this paradox, we must turn back to a definition of the paradox of rising expectations. As external circumstances improve, so does social dissatisfaction; individuals have moved from struggling with their hardships to fixating on the problems they still face.
Our brains very quickly adapt to improvements, a phenomenon known as hedonic adaptation. We quickly get used to having something we didn’t have yesterday, making us take it for granted and thus feel it is not really an improvement at all.
As you grow and circumstances change, your expectation level rises further, and you generate new annoyances out of simple things that you previously would have ignored.
The historical origin is that Alexis de Tocqueville, a French sociologist, first observed this during the French Revolution of 1789. He noted that popular rebellion did not break out in the parts of Europe where peasants suffered under the harshest feudal oppression, such as Germany or Russia. His observation was not strictly about happiness, but about political dissatisfaction and perceived justice.
The revolution instead broke out in France. It was the peasants who actually received the most benefits in the form of increased freedom, economic prosperity, and land ownership.

Here we witness the paradox at play. This time, French citizens are suffering; they have experienced a more desirable life, and therefore, the chains of the feudal system are far more agonizing to them than they were to anyone under complete oppression.
One strategy to break the cycle is to practice voluntary hardship. Take time to occasionally disconnect from modern conveniences, try a digital detox, or fast to recalibrate your baseline of what’s valuable.
Instead, focus on the objective, long-range statistics of your life, money, and business, not on your immediate moods.
It’s fine and important to try to improve your external circumstances, but at the same time, learn to tether your happiness to the now. Let go of your criteria for contentment. The two are not related.
How this paradox shows up today

The Tocqueville Paradox explains why we live in the most convenient, most comfortable time in human history, yet we feel more anxious and miserable than at any point before. Like stains on a white couch, other minor life frustrations can feel magnified. You’re used to such a high degree of perfection.
Modern life manifestations include perfectionism. Good enough isn’t good enough anymore, since, for example, we have almost perfect tools and everything available when we need them. And we have boundless amounts of information readily at our disposal. With everything hyper-optimized, minor mistakes in process, delivery, and in our own decision-making feel like complete disasters.
We live in a society of comparison. When you scroll online, you compare your life, not just to your neighbors, but to the 0.1% richest people in the world. No matter how rich, how healthy, and how successful you might get, that all disappears when you see someone else’s holiday from the Maldives.

The higher you get in earnings or lifestyle, the higher your expectations have a tendency to go. Your idea of an indulgence yesterday (a high-quality streaming service, getting food delivered, a better rental unit) soon turns into your current minimum standard of life. You don’t feel happier, and once you get used to having it, you tend to feel angry when it is removed.
It is known as lifestyle creep or lifestyle inflation; essentially, it is a situation where the more money we earn, the more we spend. We start earning more money; our standard of living increases to coincide with this income, and because we often don’t save or invest the extra, we have less money left over.
That might manifest as burnout, when the expansion culture encourages us to view ourselves as software needing constant updates, driving our endless pursuit of a better workout, better sleep, more productive work, and better brain health. We often end up turning self-care into a hard-working, exhausting second job in itself.
Why progress stops feeling like progress
Progress begins to seem stagnant as the standard of measurement we use within ourselves rises just as swiftly. As soon as we hit an objective, our minds adapt to the new measurement, making the accomplishment obsolete.
Making your progress unseen. We normalize quickly to achievement. Hedonic adaptation: the high of some amazing success (a new job, achieving a fitness goal, hitting a savings mark) fades after a day or two, and you are just ready for that new experience.
We have been accustomed to upward, not downward, comparisons. We are not able to review how far we have come, and in a fraction of a second, we set our sights on climbing further. We are comparing ourselves with those who are many steps above where we are currently. This tends to diminish our progress.

We end up raising our standards without even noticing. As you develop, the term of success is constantly being updated behind the scenes. You may currently view a result as average, a result that a few years ago you’d consider the biggest step forward imaginable.
We rush to build more instead of noticing our growth. We relate to our lives as computer software applications and always look to update to the latest version. We are so focused on what we don’t have that we miss the opportunity to occupy what we have actually built.
Reclaiming satisfaction in a world of rising expectations
Recultivating contentment in a world of constantly increasing expectations is an act of deliberate psychological rebellion. It’s about discontinuing the transfer of your sense of accomplishment to a perpetually shifting finish line. And basing your contentment on what you are actually choosing.
You need to learn how to have a strategy for satisfaction; we don’t always have to climb a new peak. Enjoy where you are.
Practice backward comparison and stop measuring against a hypothetical future or other people who are further ahead; your past self is the true comparison to see just how far you’ve come, how much you’ve pushed and built.
Identify which milestones you have minimized. Be very aware of and explicit about the successes you’ve downplayed, and give them full credit (learning a tough skill, eliminating a toxic environment, creating a good routine).
Establish sufficiency limits. You will need to set clear, specific goals and benchmarks in terms of income, responsibilities, and other personal areas, and then defend these limits when you hit them, rather than automatically striving for the next improvement.
Replace your metric of success, or failure, from being a state of perfection to a state of alignment. All of us are a work in progress. Change your yardstick of a successful day from a flawless day that resulted in an inbox that’s cleared, to whether the steps and attention you lent that day are aligned with your most important values.
Changing your strategies today can change your attitude toward life.

Try a 1-Year reality check. Write down 3 things you do or own today that 5 years ago you’d have thought were an unbelievable luxury or even a miracle.
Write a sufficiently persuasive letter to your future self. Complete the sentence based on your career and life. My goals are met, and I can rest when I have a certain amount of money or leisure time. Write it down so you cannot move the goalposts later.
Start with a nightly alignment. This ritual involves foregoing a checklist and simply asking yourself before bedtime, “Was my energy spent on things that are important to me today?” If the answer is yes, the day was a success.
In the final analysis
The Tocqueville Paradox is when we live in a more equal society, even small inequalities feel magnified. Our sense of happiness and fairness then changes a lot more as a function of how much we feel we are falling behind or ahead of those most immediate to us.
This can even be understood as a cognitive or a social perception bias, since we evaluate where we stand not in absolute terms but relatively to our reference group.
We tend to resent better conditions even as they arrive, because our brains move on to the next desire quite soon, but in doing so, produce the seeds of greater discontent.
How can we resist this paradox? A significant part of learning to transform our thoughts and behaviors requires us to be aware of what we’re doing and how we’re thinking.
Plan ahead for what good enough looks like for your goals, income, and lifestyle. Then, once you reach it, resist the urge to try optimizing any further. This frees you up to actually live in the moment.
Avoid staring up at the stars, wishing you were where others are. Look back instead on where you’ve come from over the last 5 or 10 years; this comparison is profound.
Approach self-improvement like you approach physical training. You’re not going to train 24 hours a day, 7 days a week without injury. You need seasons of maintenance, seasons of just existing and being grateful.
Find strategies to make progress visible again. Write a letter from the perspective of who you were three or five years ago. Describe your current life through your past eyes to realize how many of your past prayers you are currently living.
Ask yourself.
- Where have my expectations risen faster than my reality?
- Where am I overlooking real progress?
- What would satisfaction look like if I stopped moving the goalposts?
Next Friday, September 25, we will explore how to choose what truly matters in a world of complexity.
Recommended reading
The Paradox of Choice, by Barry Schwartz
The Status Game, by Will Storr
The Progress Principle, by Teresa Amabile and Steven Kramer
Stolen Focus, by Johann Hari
Citations
Photo by Nora Hutton on Unsplash
Image generated by Copilot – Epicurus – Nothing is enough
Image generated by Copilot – Aristotle – We envy those
Photo by Brock Wegner on Unsplash
Photo by Slav Romanov on Unsplash



















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































